Early symptoms of kidney disease
Kidney failure can be caused by many different causes. Some cause kidney function to deteriorate rapidly (acute kidney injury, also called acute kidney failure). Others lead to a gradual deterioration of kidney function (chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney disease). In addition to their loss of ability to filter metabolic wastes from the blood (such as creatinine and urea nitrogen), the kidneys have a reduced ability to regulate the amount and distribution of water in the body (water balance) and the levels of electrolytes ( sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate) and acid in the blood.
When kidney failure lasts for a while, blood pressure often increases. The kidneys lose their ability to make enough of a hormone (erythropoietin) which stimulates the formation of new red blood cells, which causes a reduction in the number of red blood cells (anemia). The kidneys also lose their ability to make enough calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D), which is essential for bone health. In children, kidney failure affects bone development. In children and adults alike, kidney failure can lead to weak and damaged bones.
Although kidney function can deteriorate in people of all ages, both acute and chronic kidney failure are more common in older people than in young people. Many conditions that cause deterioration of kidney function can be treated and kidney function can be restored. The availability of dialysis and kidney transplantation has transformed kidney failure, previously a fatal disease, into a condition that can be managed
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